长江湖北段干堤整险加固的现状与思考

通过对１９９８ 年长江全流域特大洪水成因和汛在贯彻中央“３２”字治水方针，采用新技术、新方法、新工艺、新材料整治险工险段，加固长江干堤进展情况的调查与分析，阐述了利用高新技术对长江干堤进行整险加固的必要性和可能性及其现状，并就今后如何采用高新技术加固长江干堤，确保堤防工程体系工程质量，建立相应的安全实时监测体系和开展防汛抗洪中的关键实用技术研究开发如基于３Ｓ技术的雨情、汛情、工情、灾情的预测、预报及评估、决策支撑体系的应用与推广，堤防工程隐患的探测、监视、诊断与险情、险段的抢护整治加固材料和技术的开发与推广，洪泛敏感区工农业结构和种养模式的优化、示范与推广等等问题，提出了建设性意见     

Distribution of mono- through hexa-chlorobenzenes in floodplain soils and sediments of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers,Michigan

Introduction  

Chlorobenzenes are used as solvents or as feedstocks in the production of pesticide formulations, dyes, room deodorizers, moth-proofing agents, and de-inking solvents. Chlorobenzenes were produced by the Dow Chemical Company in Midland, Michigan, for several decades. In this study, concentrations of 12 chlorobenzene (CBz) congeners, from mono- to hexachlorobenzenes, were measured in more than 150 floodplain soil (FPS), surface sediment, and sediment core (SC) samples collected during 2002–2004 from the Pine River, Tittabawassee River, Shiawassee River, Saginaw River, and Saginaw Bay, Michigan.     

建筑物安全性评定体系的研究

现有建筑物是一个复杂的系统,具有诸多不同于拟建建筑物的特点,其安全性评定要涉及许多特殊的问题。首先阐述建筑物安全性评定的基本内容,其次建立建筑物安全性评定体系,对承重系统中的上部结构和地基基础的安全性评价体系进行深入讨论。     

Screening differentially expressed genes in an amphipod (Hyalella azteca) exposed to fungicide vinclozolin by suppression subtractive hybridization

Vinclozolin, a dicarboximide fungicide, is an endocrine disrupting chemical that competes with an androgenic endocrine disruptor compound. Most research has focused on the epigenetic effect of vinclozolin in humans. In terms of ecotoxicology, understanding the effect of vinclozolin on non-target organisms is important. The expression profile of a comprehensive set of genes in the amphipod Hyalella azteca exposed to vinclozolin was examined. The expressed sequence tags in low-dose vinclozolin-treated and -untreated amphipods were isolated and identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. DNA dot blotting was used to confirm the results and establish a subtracted cDNA library for comparing all differentially expressed sequences with and without vinclozolin treatment. In total, 494 differentially expressed genes, including hemocyanin, heatshock protein, cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase were detected. Hemocyanin was the most abundant gene. DNA dot blotting revealed 55 genes with significant differential expression. These genes included larval serum protein 1 alpha, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, mitochondrial protein, proteasome inhibitor, hemocyanin, zinc-finger–containing protein, mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and epididymal sperm-binding protein. Vinclozolin appears to upregulate stress-related genes and hemocyanin, related to immunity. Moreover, vinclozolin downregulated NADH dehydrogenase, related to respiration. Thus, even a non-lethal concentration of vinclozolin still has an effect at the genetic level in H. azteca and presents a potential risk, especially as it would affect non-target organism hormone metabolism.     

甲醛暴露时间延长加剧小鼠哮喘模型肺氧化损伤并促进IL-17表达

为了探究不同暴露时间甲醛对小鼠哮喘模型肺氧化应激及IL-17表达的影响,用浓度为3.0 mg·m~(-3)的甲醛气体吸入染毒,同时将48只雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为6组:(1)对照组(生理盐水组);(2)ovalbumin(OVA)致敏组;(3)0.5 h甲醛+OVA组;(4)1h甲醛+OVA组;(5)1.5 h甲醛+OVA组;(6)2 h甲醛+OVA组,以不同时间长度进行甲醛暴露,连续35 d。OVA致敏组、0.5 h甲醛+OVA组、1 h甲醛+OVA组、1.5 h甲醛+OVA组、2 h甲醛+OVA组均在第11、18及25天腹腔注射OVA致敏液(5 mg OVA+175 mg Al(OH)_3+30 mL生理盐水),第29~35天(共计1周)进行1%OVA雾化(30 min·d~(-1)),每日1次,诱发哮喘。第36天进行以下操作:取肺组织测定肺系数并制作肺匀浆,检测肺组织中活性氧自由基(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,并采用ELISA法检测肺组织中IL-17的水平。同时,采用HE染色法观察小鼠肺部气道的病理学变化。结果显示,在浓度为3.0 mg·m~(-3)的甲醛气体吸入染毒条件下,与对照组相比,1.5 h甲醛+OVA染毒组、2 h甲醛+OVA染毒组ROS、MDA、IL-17含量上升,具有统计学意义(P0.01)。同时,随着暴露时间长度的增加,小鼠肺部气道出现明显病理学变化。综上所述,每天2 h甲醛+OVA染毒能对小鼠肺造成损伤并恶化OVA对小鼠肺的损伤,产生炎症反应,并通过氧化应激反应介导。     

兰州市大气降尘中正构烷烃的分布特征及源解析

采集了2005年春季兰州市不同功能区大气降尘样品,采用气相色谱/质谱法测定样品中的正构烷烃。结果表明,降尘中正构烷烃主要有2种类型,一种是后峰型,以C29为主峰碳,大于C25正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,碳优势指数(CPI)为1.25~1.40;另一种是双峰型,分别以C29,C20,C19,C15为主峰碳,在C25或C27后有明显的奇碳数优势,CPI为1.26~2.35。研究区内不同区域降尘中正构烷烃分布有明显的变化,相对清洁区正构烷烃分布为后峰型,主要来源于燃煤、高等植物的不完全燃烧。工业区、商业区、商业居民混合区正构烷烃分布属于双峰型,既有高等植物蜡的输入,也有汽车尾气、石油化工的输入,且人为源的贡献较大。     

从荷兰、德国的实践看污泥的能源回收利用——浅议污水厂的污泥处理

进入21世纪后,随着城市发展和环境污染的加剧,我国城镇污水处理厂的建设开始加速发展。至2010年,城市污水处理率约为70%,随着大量污水处理厂投入运行,污泥处置问题已经迫在眉睫。本文介绍了荷兰污泥处理的发展历程和方法,以SNB污泥处理中心、慕尼黑Gut Groβlappen污泥处理厂为实例介绍了集中式污泥处理及能源利用。我们认为,荷兰、德国污泥处理的经验和方法对我国的污泥处理具有借鉴价值。     

Toluene vapor capture by activated carbon particles in a dual gas-solid cyclone system

Capturing of odorous compounds such as toluene vapor by a particulate-activated carbon adsorbent was investigated in a gas-solid cyclone, which is one type of mobile beds. The test cyclone was early modified with the post cyclone (PoC) and a spiral flow guide to the vortex finder. The proposed process may contribute to the reduction of gases and dust from industrial exhausts, especially when dealing with a low concentration of odorous elements and a large volume of dust flow. In this device, the toluene capturing efficiency at a 400 ppm concentration rose up to 77.4% when using activated carbon (AC) particles with a median size of 27.03 μm. A maximum 96% of AC particles could be collected for reuse depending on the size and flow rate. The AC regenerated via thermal treatment showed an adsorption potential up to 66.7% throughout repeated tests.

Implications: VOCs and particles have been of interest both in industrial field and public indoor spaces. In this study, a post cyclone (PoC) that utilizes a residual vortex from the mother cyclone was modified by inserting a flow guide and was applied to capture toluene vapor. The device of modified post-cyclone system can be used effectively in simultaneous treatment of gas-solid flow.     

基于生命周期分析的餐厨垃圾肥料化利用环境风险评价研究

餐厨垃圾肥料化利用过程的风险因子主要产生于原料运输与存储、预处理、堆肥、废物填埋和肥料化产品施用5个过程,其风险影响包括地表水和地下水污染、恶臭污染、土壤盐碱化和影响作物生长以及由此引起的人体健康损害.基于生命周期全过程分析,以好氧堆肥为代表的餐厨垃圾肥料化利用的环境风险为研究对象,系统地分析了餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中的潜在风险,归纳并提出风险源项估算以及环境风险影响评价的具体方法和相关参数,通过南京市餐厨垃圾示范性项目案例,说明餐厨垃圾肥料化利用风险评价方法的具体应用.     

Persistence of the herbicide butachlor in soil after repeated applications and its effects on soil microbial functional diversity

Effects of repeated applications of the herbicide butachlor (N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro -N-2′,6′-dimethyl acetanilide) in soil on its persistence and soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of butachlor at the recommended dosage in soil were calculated to be 12.5, 4.5, and 3.2 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index H′ was observed. However, the Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first application of butachlor, and thereafter gradually recovered to a similar level to that of the control soil. A similar variation but faster recovery in 1/D and U was observed after the second and third Butachlor applications. Therefore, repeated applications of butachlor led to more rapid degradation of the herbicide, and more rapid recovery of soil microorganisms. It is concluded that repeated butachlor applications in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities.